Neuroanatomy
Dr Raymond Chang
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Sixth Nerve Palsy
In this patient, there is a mild esotropia on neutral gaze as the left eye is slightly deviated medially. There is impaired left eye abduction resulting in diplopia when the patient is instructed to look towards the left. Discussion of the sign Abduction of the eye is controlled by the lateral rectus muscle, which is…
Ocular Alignment and Extra-ocular Movement Examination
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Stereopsis (three dimensional vision) is important in our every day lives. This ability is dependent on aligning both foveae on the same object with slightly dissimilar perspectives to give a perception of depth….
Heel-shin Test
In this video, the patient exhibits a positive heel-shin test on the right side. Compared to the left (normal) side, the right lower limb is seen to be rather clumsy. The heel-shin test is a test to screen for ipsilateral cerebellar function. Once again, clear instructions are required for this test, and you could see…
Assessing the Level of Consciousness
Dr Gilberto Leung and Dr Gary Lau Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Our level of consciousness is governed by our cerebral cortex as well as the subcortical ascending reticular formation. Patients with normal consciousness have a high level…
Ataxic Wide-based Gait
The gait is wide-based and the patient requires assistance from the physician for stabilization. The patient cannot turn within one or two steps but requires multiple steps. The physician then asks the patient to perform tandem-walking at the end of the video but the patient is unable to do so due to severe instability. The…
Intention Tremor
Intention tremor can be elicited by the finger-nose test. In normal patients, the movements between the physician’s finger and patient’s nose should be smooth, but adjustment is allowed according to the patient’s upper limb power. This man has intention tremor and impaired finger-nose test on the right side, whilst the left side is normal. Discussion on intention…