Neuroanatomy
Dr Raymond Chang
Similar Posts
Horizontal Nystagmus
In the first video, the patient has both horizontal nystagmus and vertical “down-beat” nystagmus. In the second video, the patient has a torsional nystagmus when looking to her right hand side. Discussion of the sign Nystagmus is defined as a rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. It usually consists of a slow drifting phase in one direction and a…
Ischaemic Changes of Different Anatomical Regions or Vascular Territories
Bilateral watershed infarct The non-contrast CT brain shown is from a patient with bilateral watershed infarct. Here, chronic ischaemic changes can be seen along the external or cortical watershed zones (Figures 1 and 2). These “borderzones” is where the terminal vasculature of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery meet as well as where the middle…
Ataxic Wide-based Gait
The gait is wide-based and the patient requires assistance from the physician for stabilization. The patient cannot turn within one or two steps but requires multiple steps. The physician then asks the patient to perform tandem-walking at the end of the video but the patient is unable to do so due to severe instability. The…
Intention Tremor
As one can appreciate in this video, this middle-aged man has right-sided intention tremor. The right index finger shows exaggerated tremor when approaching the target, i.e. his nose and physician’s finger. Please note that the examiner should place his finger at around one arm’s length from the patient. This is so that the patient could…
Intention Tremor
Intention tremor can be elicited by the finger-nose test. In normal patients, the movements between the physician’s finger and patient’s nose should be smooth, but adjustment is allowed according to the patient’s upper limb power. This man has intention tremor and impaired finger-nose test on the right side, whilst the left side is normal. Discussion on intention…
Examining the Cranial Nerves
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). General Inspection During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients…
