Examining the Sensory System
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Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
A lumbar puncture (LP) is contraindicated in the following scenarios: Patients with bleeding diathesis, e.g. severe coagulopathy (INR >1.4) and thrombocytopenia (platelet <50 x 109/L). If coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia is not corrected prior to the procedure, spinal hematomas resulting in spinal cord compromise may result. Patients with increased intracranial pressure due to an intracranial lesion…
Cerebral vascular malformations can be classified by histopathology into 4 major types: Arterio-venous malformations (AVMs) Venous angiomas (developmental venous anomalies) Capillary telangiectasias and Cavernous malformations Arterio-venous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular lesions due to dysregulated angiogenesis. They are most often solitary but rarely could be multiple, in which case an underlying syndrome (e.g. hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia,…
Bilateral watershed infarct The non-contrast CT brain shown is from a patient with bilateral watershed infarct. Here, chronic ischaemic changes can be seen along the external or cortical watershed zones (Figures 1 and 2). These “borderzones” is where the terminal vasculature of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery meet as well as where the middle…
There are a number of causes of spontaneous parenchymal haemorrhages. These include: hypertension, vascular malformations and aneurysms, neoplasm (primary or metastatic), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, use of antiplatelet agents or anti-coagulants, blood dyscrasias and drug abuse (e.g. amphetamine and cocaine use). Parenchymal haemorrhages could also be subdivided into deep versus lobar haemorrhages, where deep haemorrhages (basal ganglia, thalamus,…
The scans shown are from two immunocompromised patients who presented with high fever and recurrent seizures. The contrast cranial CT of the first patient shows that the patient had a rim-enhancing lesion at the left basal ganglia (Figure 1). A set of cranial MRIs of the second patient also showed multiple contrast enhancing lesions in the…
Intracranial calcifications are frequently seen in non-contrast CT scans. These are often due to age-related physiological changes of the brain but can occasionally be mistaken as an intra-cerebral hemorrhage. The most common sites of intracranial calcifications include the basal ganglia (often bilateral, Figure 1), pineal gland (Figure 1), choroid plexus (often bilateral, Figure 1), dentate…