Examining the Sensory System
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A. Clinical manifestations The clinical features of CSF shunt infection can be quite variable and depend on the pathogenesis of the infection, organism virulence and type of shunt. The most frequent symptoms are headache, nausea, lethargy, fever and change in mental status. Pain, often related to infection at the peritoneal or pleural endings of the…
Often, as a consequence of severe head injury, there may be haemorrhage within various intracranial compartments. In these 2 cases (Patient 1 – Figure 1, Patient 2 – Figures 2 to 11), both patients sustained a severe head injury. A combination of subdural , parenchymal and subarachnoid haemorrhage could be seen. In the second case,…
In this photo, there is apparent leg-length discrepancy and wasting of the lower limb muscles – the left side relatively more severe. Typical pes cavus (high-arched foot) are seen on both sides. Clawing of the toes can also be seen. This sign is postulated to be due to a different degree of wasting – the…
Dementia with Lewy bodies is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease, accounting for 15-20% of all cases. This form of dementia is due to an abnormal accumulation of Lewy bodies, which are spherical intra-neuronal protein aggregates consisting primarily of α-synuclein. Dementia with Lewy bodies is therefore considered as a synucleinopathy. Other synucleinopathies…
In this contrast thoracic CT scan of a middle-aged woman with newly diagnosed seropositive generalized myasthenia gravis, an abnormal thymic lesion (present in the anterior mediastinal compartment) could be seen (Figure 1). The patient was referred to the Cardiothoracic Surgeons where she received a thymectomy via an open sternotomy. The thymic specimen was sent for histo-pathological…
In this video, the examiner is testing the tone of the lower limbs. After ensuring that the patient is fully relaxed, he first of all rolls each leg using both hands – one placed above the knee and another below the knee. Then, the examiner lifts up each leg at the level of the popliteal fossa. Besides…