Vascular Dementia

Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia is the second most common cause of dementia and accounts for approximately 10% of all dementias in developed countries. The incidence of vascular dementia increases with age and are associated with common cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia etc.). Patients often present with a sudden, stepwise, neurological deterioration and there may be other…

Frontotemporal Dementia

Frontotemporal Dementia

Frontotemporal dementia is the most common cause of dementia in patients under the age of 65. There are three different subtypes: 1) behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia,the most common subtype which is characterised by changes in personality and social conduct; 2) progressive nonfluent aphasia – a disorder of language output that may occur in the absence of…

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

Dementia with Lewy bodies is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease, accounting for 15-20% of all cases. This form of dementia is due to an abnormal accumulation of Lewy bodies, which are spherical intra-neuronal protein aggregates consisting primarily of α-synuclein. Dementia with Lewy bodies is therefore considered as a synucleinopathy. Other synucleinopathies…

Parkinson-plus Syndromes

Parkinson-plus Syndromes

The Parkinson-plus syndromes include 1) multi-system atrophy, 2) progressive supra-nuclear palsy and 3) corticobasal degeneration. Multi-system atrophy Multi-system atrophy (MSA) is a rare adult-onset sporadic neurodegenerative disorder. There are two main subtypes, as identified by its dominating symptomatology. MSA-P is when parkinsonian symptoms predominate, and MSA-C if cerebellar symptoms dominate. These two terms have replaced…