Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
General Inspection
During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients with tuberous sclerosis and neuro-fibromatosis), syndromal features etc.
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
Inspection of the Pupils
Direct and Consensual Light Reflexes
The Swinging Torch Test
Accommodation Reflex
Cranial Nerves III (Oculomotor Nerve), IV (Trochlear Nerve) and VI (Abducens Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) and X (Vagus Nerve)
To elicit this sign, the examiner strikes the patient’s sole using a blunt orange stick, starting from the heel, along the lateral border of the sole then medially to the base of the first toe. As one can see from the two videos, the patient demonstrates dorsiflexion of the big toe when testing for the…
One can appreciate from this photo that there is significant lower limb wasting (or muscle atrophy) of the right leg compared to the left. The right leg is also shorter compared to the left. Muscle wasting (or atrophy) is due to denervation of the muscle supplied by the motor nerve and occurs in lower motor…
A. Clinical manifestations The clinical course of brain abscess ranges from indolent to fulminant. Most clinical manifestations are not due to the systemic signs of infection, but rather to the size and site of the abscess. Headache is the most common presenting symptom. Other symptoms and signs include changes in mental status, focal neurological deficits,…
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). The confrontation test is a quick screening test for gross visual field defects that can be done at the bedside. Spectacles should not be worn during the test as they may cause spurious…
The patient in this video has no hand tremor during rest. However, when the patient is asked to maintain her arms in an outstretched position, a right hand tremor can be seen (postural tremor). The patient also had an action tremor (not shown in this video) and was subsequently diagnosed to have essential tremor –…
There are a number of ways of classifying ischaemic stroke. One of them is by anatomical classification e.g. anterior versus posterior circulation, the precise artery involved (e.g. left middle cerebral artery infarction) or the structure affected (e.g. right pontine infarct). It can also be classified according to the underlying etiology. A commonly used classification system is the TOAST…
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