Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
General Inspection
During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients with tuberous sclerosis and neuro-fibromatosis), syndromal features etc.
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
Inspection of the Pupils
Direct and Consensual Light Reflexes
The Swinging Torch Test
Accommodation Reflex
Cranial Nerves III (Oculomotor Nerve), IV (Trochlear Nerve) and VI (Abducens Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) and X (Vagus Nerve)
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Direct ophthalmoscopy is a troublesome skill for medical students and practitioners, but when practiced frequently, this is a technique that can be very useful in clinical practice. It is advisable that each medical…
In this video, the examiner is testing the tone of the lower limbs. After ensuring that the patient is fully relaxed, he first of all rolls each leg using both hands – one placed above the knee and another below the knee. Then, the examiner lifts up each leg at the level of the popliteal fossa. Besides…
In this contrast thoracic CT scan of a middle-aged woman with newly diagnosed seropositive generalized myasthenia gravis, an abnormal thymic lesion (present in the anterior mediastinal compartment) could be seen (Figure 1). The patient was referred to the Cardiothoracic Surgeons where she received a thymectomy via an open sternotomy. The thymic specimen was sent for histo-pathological…
The set of cranial MRI (coronal cuts) shown here are from a patient presenting with fever and confusion. Multiple, ring-enhancing nodular lesions are noted in the FLAIR sequence (Figures 1 and 2) as well as in the T1W imaging with contrast (Figures 3 and 4). Serology was positive for toxoplasma and the patient was tested…
a) Principles of CT scan Computed Tomography (CT) is an imaging modality that uses computer-generated analysis ( i.e. computed ) of the x-ray attenuation through a section of the body tissue to produce cross-sectional images ( i.e. tomography ) with great anatomical details. Unlike plain X-ray images which are projected images of one plane, CT…
(first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
