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General Inspection
During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients with tuberous sclerosis and neuro-fibromatosis), syndromal features etc.
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
Inspection of the Pupils
Direct and Consensual Light Reflexes
The Swinging Torch Test
Accommodation Reflex
Cranial Nerves III (Oculomotor Nerve), IV (Trochlear Nerve) and VI (Abducens Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) and X (Vagus Nerve)
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Examining the Spinothalamic Tract of the Upper Limbs Examining the Posterior Column Pathway of the Upper Limbs Examining the Spinothalamic Tract of the Lower Limbs Examining the Posterior Column Pathway of the Lower…
A middle-aged woman was admitted with drowsiness, weakness of all four limbs and visual impairment. Physical examination revealed that the patient had bilateral complete ophthalmoplegia, generalized weakness and spasticity,with brisk reflexes and bilateral upgoing plantar reflexes. A hyper-intense lesion at the level of the midbrain was noted on cerebral MRI (Figure 1). Cerebro-spinal fluid examination…
There are a number of ways of classifying ischaemic stroke. One of them is by anatomical classification e.g. anterior versus posterior circulation, the precise artery involved (e.g. left middle cerebral artery infarction) or the structure affected (e.g. right pontine infarct). It can also be classified according to the underlying etiology. A commonly used classification system is the TOAST…
This coronal FLAIR MRI is from an 18 year old man who presented with a 5-year history of temporal lobe epilepsy. He would present with an epigastric aura, describing it as a strange feeling which ascends from the stomach, and there will sometimes be an accompanying sense of fear. The patient would subsequently be noted…
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Inspection of the Lower Limbs After positioning the patient on the bed and ensuring adequate exposure, the lower limbs should be inspected as follow: The examiner should stand at the end of the bed and…
Neoplasms of the central nervous system could be divided into primary and metastatic tumours, each accounting for approximating half of all brain tumours. Primary neoplasms can be further subdivided into several major categories: Tumours of neuroepithelial tissue Tumours of the meninges Tumours of the cranial and spinal nerves and Lymphomas and haematopoietic neoplasms Tumours of…
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