Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
General Inspection
During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients with tuberous sclerosis and neuro-fibromatosis), syndromal features etc.
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
Inspection of the Pupils
Direct and Consensual Light Reflexes
The Swinging Torch Test
Accommodation Reflex
Cranial Nerves III (Oculomotor Nerve), IV (Trochlear Nerve) and VI (Abducens Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) and X (Vagus Nerve)
This is a video from a middle-aged man with myotonic dystrophy type 1, an autosomal dominant multi-systemic disorder that not only affects the muscles, but also causes other problems such as cataracts, arrhythmias and diabetes mellitus. The video shown here is typical of myotonia which can be seen in these patients. The tone is usually…
This coronal FLAIR MRI is from an 18 year old man who presented with a 5-year history of temporal lobe epilepsy. He would present with an epigastric aura, describing it as a strange feeling which ascends from the stomach, and there will sometimes be an accompanying sense of fear. The patient would subsequently be noted…
a) Principles of CT scan Computed Tomography (CT) is an imaging modality that uses computer-generated analysis ( i.e. computed ) of the x-ray attenuation through a section of the body tissue to produce cross-sectional images ( i.e. tomography ) with great anatomical details. Unlike plain X-ray images which are projected images of one plane, CT…
This cranial MRI is from a young woman who presented with low-grade fever, confusion, visual hallucinations and status epilepticus. Significant orofacial dyskinesias and autonomic dysfunction was also noted. Lumbar puncture was performed and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed mild lymphocytic predominant leukocytosis and slightly elevated protein. CSF glucose was within normal range and CSF for microbiological…
Dementia with Lewy bodies is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer’s disease, accounting for 15-20% of all cases. This form of dementia is due to an abnormal accumulation of Lewy bodies, which are spherical intra-neuronal protein aggregates consisting primarily of α-synuclein. Dementia with Lewy bodies is therefore considered as a synucleinopathy. Other synucleinopathies…
Neoplasms of the central nervous system could be divided into primary and metastatic tumours, each accounting for approximating half of all brain tumours. Primary neoplasms can be further subdivided into several major categories: Tumours of neuroepithelial tissue Tumours of the meninges Tumours of the cranial and spinal nerves and Lymphomas and haematopoietic neoplasms Tumours of…
(first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
