Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
General Inspection
During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients with tuberous sclerosis and neuro-fibromatosis), syndromal features etc.
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
Inspection of the Pupils
Direct and Consensual Light Reflexes
The Swinging Torch Test
Accommodation Reflex
Cranial Nerves III (Oculomotor Nerve), IV (Trochlear Nerve) and VI (Abducens Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) and X (Vagus Nerve)
The set of MRIs shown here are from a middle-aged woman with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) – an autoimmune astrocytopathy. She was diagnosed with left sided optic neuritis 18 months ago, at that time presenting with subacute onset of left eye visual loss, as well as pain upon eye movement. There were no other neurological symptoms…
The set of cranial MRI (coronal cuts) shown here are from a patient presenting with fever and confusion. Multiple, ring-enhancing nodular lesions are noted in the FLAIR sequence (Figures 1 and 2) as well as in the T1W imaging with contrast (Figures 3 and 4). Serology was positive for toxoplasma and the patient was tested…
This is a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1, an autosomal dominant neuro-cutaneous disorder. In the first two photos (Figures 1 and 2), multiple neurofibromasas well as café-au-lait spots are present on the trunk and upper limbs. In the third and forth photo (Figures 3 and 4), freckling can be seen at the axillary and inguinal…
This middle-aged man was admitted after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure that occurred at home. Physical examination did not reveal any significant external wounds as a result of the seizure and there were no focal neurological signs. However, examination of the oral cavity showed presence of a haematoma at the side of the tongue. This occasionally…
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia and accounts for ~55% of all cases of dementia. One to two percent of the population at age 65 will have dementia and the prevalence increases by 15-25% each decade. The neuro-pathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease are due to two main processes. First of all, there…
This is a collection of curated and illustrated 5-minute videos demonstrating common neurosurgical procedures performed by the Division of Neurosurgery. The aim is to stimulate interest, share the knowledge, and provide an opportunity for undergraduate medical students to have a taste of Neurosurgery in Action. We will include general and basic procedures in the beginning,…
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