Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
General Inspection
During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients with tuberous sclerosis and neuro-fibromatosis), syndromal features etc.
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
Inspection of the Pupils
Direct and Consensual Light Reflexes
The Swinging Torch Test
Accommodation Reflex
Cranial Nerves III (Oculomotor Nerve), IV (Trochlear Nerve) and VI (Abducens Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) and X (Vagus Nerve)
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Direct ophthalmoscopy is a troublesome skill for medical students and practitioners, but when practiced frequently, this is a technique that can be very useful in clinical practice. It is advisable that each medical…
This is a non-contrast cranial CT from a middle-aged man with multiple cardiovascular risk factors who suffered a severe ischaemic stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery territory. There was significant cytotoxic cerebral oedema as a result of the extensive infarction. The patient was operated on by the Neurosurgeons and a left hemi-craniectomy was performed…
Bilateral watershed infarct The non-contrast CT brain shown is from a patient with bilateral watershed infarct. Here, chronic ischaemic changes can be seen along the external or cortical watershed zones (Figures 1 and 2). These “borderzones” is where the terminal vasculature of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery meet as well as where the middle…
The set of MRIs shown here are from a middle-aged woman with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) – an autoimmune astrocytopathy. She was diagnosed with left sided optic neuritis 18 months ago, at that time presenting with subacute onset of left eye visual loss, as well as pain upon eye movement. There were no other neurological symptoms…
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Stereopsis (three dimensional vision) is important in our every day lives. This ability is dependent on aligning both foveae on the same object with slightly dissimilar perspectives to give a perception of depth….
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia and accounts for ~55% of all cases of dementia. One to two percent of the population at age 65 will have dementia and the prevalence increases by 15-25% each decade. The neuro-pathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease are due to two main processes. First of all, there…
(first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
