Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
General Inspection
During the general inspection of the cranial nerves, we should look for whether the patient has any ptosis, abnormal eye movements and facial asymmetry. We should also inspect for whether there are any neuro-cutaneous features (for example in patients with tuberous sclerosis and neuro-fibromatosis), syndromal features etc.
Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory Nerve)
Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
Visual Acuity
Visual Fields
Inspection of the Pupils
Direct and Consensual Light Reflexes
The Swinging Torch Test
Accommodation Reflex
Cranial Nerves III (Oculomotor Nerve), IV (Trochlear Nerve) and VI (Abducens Nerve)
Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VII (Facial Nerve)
Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) and X (Vagus Nerve)
Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD) are prion diseases and can be subdivided into sporadic (account for 85% of cases), genetic (15% of cases) and acquired forms (<1% cases). CJD is rare with an incidence of 1-1.5 per million population per year with a peak age of onset of 55-75years. It is a common cause of rapidly progressive dementia. However, other symptoms including myoclonus, visual or…
a) Various Densities in Axial Brain CT The normal anatomy of brain is relatively easier to understand with CT than MRI, comparing to radiograph, it can better delineate different soft tissue density – Structures appearing “white” in an unenhanced CT brain can only be the following high density structures : 1. Bone e.g. cranium ( calcium-containing ) 2. Blood in acute bleeding ( later…
These two photos (Figures 1 and 2) show wasting of the left small hand muscles including the interosseous muscles, 3rd and 4th lumbricals and hypothenar muscles. The picture also shows an ulnar claw hand in which there is extension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of the 4th…
In this video, one can appreciate that the patient has a lower motor neuron type of weakness affecting the right facial nerve. On asking the patient to look upwards (stimulation of the frontalis muscles), one can appreciate the lack of wrinkles over the forehead on the right side compared with the left. On asking the…
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). The size of the pupillary aperture at any point in time is dependent on a balance between sympathetic tone, parasympathetic tone, the light reflex and the near reflex. The light reflex is an…
Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Measuring the visual acuity of each eye is the first step of the neuro-ophthalmic examination. It should be carried out on every patient presenting with an ocular symptom. Distant visual acuity (at 6…
(first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).
