Neurological Examination | Neurology and Neurosurgery

Examining the Sensory System

Byepsuadmin August 25, 2014July 3, 2015

Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video).

Examining the Spinothalamic Tract of the Upper Limbs

Examining the Posterior Column Pathway of the Upper Limbs

Examining the Spinothalamic Tract of the Lower Limbs

Examining the Posterior Column Pathway of the Lower Limbs

Testing Proprioception of the Lower Limbs

Testing Vibration Sense of the Lower Limbs

Determining the Sensory Level

Rhomberg’s Test

Neuro-ophthalmology | Neurological Signs

Horner’s Syndrome

Byepsuadmin August 20, 2014June 22, 2015

The patients in these two photos show the classical signs of Horner’s syndrome. In the first photo (Figure 1), there is left-sided partial ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis. Whilst in the second photo (Figure 2), there is right-sided ptosis and miosis. Horner’s syndrome is caused by a lesion affecting the sympathetic pathway. This pathway starts as…

Ischaemic Stroke | Neuro-imaging | Vascular Disease

Ischaemic Stroke with Haemorrhagic Transformation

Byepsuadmin August 21, 2014June 14, 2015

Ischaemic stroke with haemorrhagic transformation, also known as haemorrhagic infarct, occurs in approximately one-third of cases of ischaemic stroke. Haemorrhagic infarct occurs more commonly in the elderly, those with larger infarcts as well as those having received thrombolytic therapy. The mechanism of haemorrhagic infarct has been postulated to be due to the breakdown of the basal…

Other Neurological Signs

Tongue Haematoma after Seizure

Byepsuadmin August 19, 2014June 14, 2015

This middle-aged man was admitted after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure that occurred at home. Physical examination did not reveal any significant external wounds as a result of the seizure and there were no focal neurological signs. However, examination of the oral cavity showed presence of a haematoma at the side of the tongue. This occasionally…

Neurological Examination | Neurology and Neurosurgery

Assessing the Level of Consciousness

Byepsuadmin August 25, 2014June 15, 2022

Dr Gilberto Leung and Dr Gary Lau Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on (first button on the bottom right hand corner of the video). Our level of consciousness is governed by our cerebral cortex as well as the subcortical ascending reticular formation. Patients with normal consciousness have a high level…

Central Nervous System Infections | Neurology and Neurosurgery

Subdural Empyema and Epidural Abscess

Byepsuadmin June 3, 2014June 14, 2015

A. Clinical manifestations Cranial subdural empyema: fever, headache, altered mental status, symptoms and signs of raised intra-cranial pressure, meningeal irritation or focal irritation. Spinal subdural empyema: back pain, radiculopathy and spinal cord compression. Cranial epidural abscess: fever and headache (can be quite asymptomatic), focal neurological signs and seizures, raised intra-cranial pressure. Spinal epidural abscess: back…

Examining the Motor System | Neurological Examination | Neurology and Neurosurgery

Upper Limbs