Examining the Sensory System
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Subtitles in English for this video can be displayed by clicking on
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There are a number of causes of spontaneous parenchymal haemorrhages. These include: hypertension, vascular malformations and aneurysms, neoplasm (primary or metastatic), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, use of antiplatelet agents or anti-coagulants, blood dyscrasias and drug abuse (e.g. amphetamine and cocaine use). Parenchymal haemorrhages could also be subdivided into deep versus lobar haemorrhages, where deep haemorrhages (basal ganglia, thalamus,…
The MRI images shown here (Figures 1 to 5) are from a patient with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). CAA is caused by the accumulation of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the walls of small to medium-sized arteries and penetrating arterioles. Such aggregates are due to an imbalance between Aβ production and clearance. Whilst Aβ40 (40 meaning…
Dense middle cerebral artery sign There are a number of radiological features that can be seen in the non-contrast CT scan which support the clinical suspicion of an ischaemic stroke. One of the early ischaemic changes that could be recognized on a non-contrast CT film is the “dense middle cerebral artery (MCA) sign“. As you can…
This is a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1, an autosomal dominant neuro-cutaneous disorder. In the first two photos (Figures 1 and 2), multiple neurofibromasas well as café-au-lait spots are present on the trunk and upper limbs. In the third and forth photo (Figures 3 and 4), freckling can be seen at the axillary and inguinal…
The major clinical syndromes of central nervous system infections include the following: Meningitis: inflammation of the leptomeninges (arachnoid and pia mater) Encephalitis: inflammation of brain parenchyma Brain abscess Subdural empyema and epidural abscess Suppurative intracranial thrombophlebitis Shunt infection
To elicit this sign, the examiner strikes the patient’s sole using a blunt orange stick, starting from the heel, along the lateral border of the sole then medially to the base of the first toe. As one can see from the two videos, the patient demonstrates dorsiflexion of the big toe when testing for the…